Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in Employment: An Overview - A Briefing Paper, Jodi Burns (1996). An analysis of the employment and wages of white women, black men, and black women during the time period in which affirmative action policies were implemented.
"The Effectiveness of Equal Employment Opportunity Policies," Heidi Hartmann and M.V. Lee Badgett (1995). A chapter published in Economic Perspectives on Affirmative Action, edited by Margaret C. Simms, it reviews the major quantitative research literature assessing the effectiveness of federal equal employment opportunity policies; reviews federal policy and legal requirements for firms; discusses papers that examine how policies affect firms' performance and profits; and suggests questions for further research.
Child Care
The Economic Realities of Child Care, Heidi Hartmann (1988). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Human Resources suggesting an analysis of public subsidies for child care and public regulation of child care providers.
Tax Benefits for Low-Income Families with Children: Two Competing Proposals, Parts I and II - A Briefing Paper, Heidi Hartmann and Celia Star Gody (1990). Reports that low-income families with child care expenses are likely to receive greater benefits from the Senate bill, the Act for Better Child Care, than the House bill, the Early Childhood Education and Development Act.
Wages and Salaries of Child Care Workers: The Economic and Social Implications of Raising Child Care Workers' Salaries, Diana M. Pearce (1988). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Children, Drugs, and Alcoholism, describing who are the child care workers, their salaries, reasons the salaries are so low, and the effects of low salaries.
Economic Literacy
The Impact of Social Security Reform on Women (1998).
Arlington Hill Working Paper, Arlington Hill Working Group (1993). Working paper on a meeting of 50 women leaders who crafted an economic agenda for President Clinton, including demands for a flexible work schedule, equal pay for equal work, expansion of women's entrepreneurship, and a restructuring of the nation's income support system.
A Feminist Perspective on the Federal Budget: A Summary - A Briefing Paper, Heidi Hartmann (1996). Argues for an adjustment in public policy to match the new realities of a narrowing economic gap between men and women and includes a feminist analysis of federal expenditures.
Research-In-Brief:
Transition Documents and Economic Agendas (1993).
Employment Issues
IWPR. 2010. Gender Wage Gap Narrows only Slightly Even though Women’s Earnings are More Important than Ever to American Families.
http://www.iwpr.org/pdf/C350.pdf
IWPR. 2010. Women and Men's Employment and Unemployment in the Great Recession.
http://www.iwpr.org/pdf/C373womeninrecession.pdf
IWPR. 2010. The Workforce Investment Act and Women's Progress: Does WIA Funded Training Reinforce Sex Segregation in the Labor Market and the Gender Wage Gap?
http://www.iwpr.org/pdf/C372WIA.pdf
Improving Employment Opportunities for Women, Heidi Hartmann and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1991). Testimony describing the importance of women's earnings for family survival; wage and job discrimination; and the effectiveness of civil rights and anti-discrimination policies.
Pay Equity as a Remedy for Wage Discrimination: Success in State Governments, Heidi Hartmann and Stephanie Aaronson (1994). Testimony concerning the Fair Pay Act of 1994 before the Subcommittee on Select Education and Civil Rights that argues that the Fair Pay Act would be an effective way to raise women's wages to a level comparable to men's and would provide a better standard of living for women workers.
Looking Toward the Workplace of the 21st Century: Closing the Policy Gap for Working Women, Heidi Hartmann (1996). A lecture given at George Washington University, Washington, DC, March 28, 1996, as part of the Annual Nancy Yulee Lecture Series on women's labor force participation, women's educational attainment, the wage gap, and family roles, as well as public policy changes that could help to alleviate gender inequities.
Pay Equity and Women's Wage Increases: Success in the States, A Model for the Nation, Heidi Hartmann and Stephanie Aaronson. A paper summarizing the results from The Economic Effects of Pay Equity in the States, a multi-year project that examined pay equity programs in 20 states' civil services.
What Do Unions Do For Women?, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Heidi Hartmann, and Nancy Collins (1994). Presented at the conference Labor Law Reform: The Forecast for Working Women, this report explores the impact of union membership on wages and job stability.
Why Privatizing Government Services Would Hurt Women Workers (Report) This report analyzes the implications of privitization for women workers, especially those employed in low-end occupations. Data analyzed show that women disproportionately depend on the public sector for jobs that pay decent wages and offer benefits.
The Benefits of Unionization for Workers in the Retail Food Industry (Report and RIB)This report is an analysis of the benefits of unionization in the retail food industry. This project compared the wages and benefits of unionized and nonunionized workers in the retail food industry, particularly for women, single mothers, cashiers, part-time workers, and part-time women workers.
The Impact of the Glass Ceiling and Structural Change on Minorities and Women, Lori B. Shaw, Dell P. Champlin, Heidi Hartmann, and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1993). Discusses the problems and opportunities for minorities and women as a result of corporate restructuring.
Increasing Working Mothers' Earnings, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1991). Viewing working mothers as primary earners, this study finds that the best indicators of women's wages are human capital and job characteristics.
Increasing Working Mothers' Earnings, Executive Summary, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1991).
Women in Telecommunications: Exception to the Rule of Low Pay for Women's Work, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann, with Linda Andrews and Taleria Fuller (1992). Analysis of women in telecommunications, including racial and gender comparisons of wages and union membership.
Raises and Recognition: Secretaries, Clerical Workers, and the Union Wage Premium, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1990). Describes strategies to increase wages, secure work and family leave, provide flexible scheduling, and encourage career development.
Low Wages for Secretaries and Clerical Workers in Indiana: A State Without a Collective Bargaining Agreement, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1990). Examines the wages and family incomes of secretarial clerical workers, women's largest occupational category.
Unemployment Insurance: Barriers to Access for Women and Part-Time Workers, Young-Hee Yoon, Roberta Spalter-Roth, and Marc Baldwin (1995). Discusses the findings that only 30 percent of unemployed women received unemployment insurance and that women and part-time workers were most likely to be excluded from eligibility as a result of high quarter earnings requirements.
Mothers, Children, and Low-Wage Work: The Ability to Earn a Family Wage, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Heidi Hartmann, and Linda Andrews (1990). Describes women's wage levels by race, ethnicity, and family responsibilities, and receipt of government income support by family type.
Research-In-Brief:
How Women Can Earn a Living Wage: The Effects of Pay Equity Remedies and a Higher Minimum Wage (1997.
The Wage Gap, Updated Tables (1995).
Pay Equity and the Wage Gap: Success in the States (1995).
Restructuring Work: How Have Women and Minorities Fared? (1995).
What Do Unions Do For Women? (1994).
Increasing Working Mothers' Earnings: The Importance of Race, Family, and Job (1992).
Part-Time Opportunities for Professionals and Managers, Shannon Garrett (1998).
Raises and Recognition: Secretaries, Clerical Workers, and the Union Wage Premium (1990).
Unemployment Insurance: Barriers to Access for Women and Part-Time Workers (1995).
Women and the Minimum Wage (1995).
Mothers, Children, and Low-Wage Work: The Ability to Earn a Family Wage (1991).
Low-Wage Work, Health Benefits, and Family Well-Being (1990).
Temporary Work (1990).
Entrepreneurship/Microenterprise
Contingent Work: Its Consequences for Economic Well-Being, the Gendered Division of Labor, and the Welfare State, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1995). Paper discussing findings that single mothers are the group most likely to be contingent workers and the most likely to receive AFDC.
Micro-Enterprise and Women: The Viability of Self-Employment as a Strategy for Alleviating Poverty, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Enrique Soto, and Lily Zandniapour, with Jill Braunstein (1994). Discusses the use of micro-enterprise as a strategy to enhance the income packages of AFDC recipients and other low-income women.
Exploring the Characteristics of Self-Employment and Part-Time Work Among Women, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Heidi Hartmann, and Lois Shaw (1993). Compares male and female workers' job schedules and economic well-being, and examines how well alternative forms of employment meet women's increased needs to support themselves and their families.
Exploring the Characteristics of Self-Employment and Part-Time Work Among Women: Executive Summary, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Heidi Hartmann, and Lois Shaw (1993).
Research in Brief:
The Economic Impact of Contingent Work on Women and Their Families (1995).
Micro-Enterprise and Women - The Viability of Self-Employment as a Strategy for Alleviating Poverty, Quantitative Findings (1994).
Self-Employment Versus Wage and Salary Jobs: How Do Women Fare? (1993).
IWPR Study Examines the Economic Benefits of Alternative Employment Patterns for Male and Female Workers (1993).
Feminist Thought and Scholarship
Third Annual Women's Policy Research Conference Proceedings (1994). A collection of papers from the conference on topics such as the social construction of race, gender, and nativity; globalization and immigration; the policy challenges of gender, diversity, and international exchange; strategies for meeting women's basic needs; and employment opportunity and economic restructuring.
Second Annual Women's Policy Research Conference Proceedings (1992). A collection of papers from the conference, including topics such as health care issues from a feminist perspective; marriage, reproduction, and the family; health care and public policy; employment issues; and the public policy process.
First Annual Women's Policy Research Conference Proceedings (1990). A collection of papers from the conference addressing issues such as feminist theory for feminist advocacy; changes in the status of women; welfare reform, family budgets, and child support; international human rights and women's rights; employment equity; family care; the changing structure of poverty; economic development and women's employment; and work and family interconnections.
Health and Health Care
Costs to Women and Their Families of Childbirth and the Lack of Parental Leave, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1987). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Children, Families, Drugs, and Alcoholism, U.S. Senate, using research from IWPR's study, Unnecessary Losses: Costs to Americans of the Lack of Family and Medical Leave.
Women's Access to Health Insurance, Heidi Hartmann with Young-Hee Yoon, Stephanie Aaronson, Lois Shaw, and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1994). Testimony before the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, on the research showing that women use and pay for health care services more and are more responsible for ensuring their families' health, but women also fall through the cracks of the current health care system.
Safety of Silicone Breast Implants, Diana Zuckerman (1998).
Women's Access to Health Insurance, Young-Hee Yoon, Stephanie Aaronson, Heidi Hartmann, Lois Shaw, and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1994). Discusses the paradox that, compared to men, women use and pay for health care services more and are more responsible for ensuring their family's health, but many women have no health insurance.
Women's Access to Health Insurance, Executive Summary, Young-Hee Yoon, Stephanie Aaronson, Heidi Hartmann, Lois Shaw, and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1994).
Women of Color and Access to Health Care - A Briefing Paper, Young-Hee Yoon (1994). Examines the disparities in access to health insurance and the barriers women of color face in the current health care system.
Preventive Health Services for Women: Benefits and Cost-Effectiveness, Stephanie Aaronson and Nicoletta Karam, with Ellen Cutler (1994). An analysis of existing medical literature and an overview of the benefits and cost-effectiveness of eight preventive health services for women.
Women's Health in the United States, Heidi Hartmann (1991). Presented at a Congressional staff briefing by the Campaign for Women's Health, "Women and Health Care in the United States - A Women's Health Agenda for Health Policy of the ‘90s," and includes tables on causes of mortality by gender, race, and age.
Research-In-Briefs:
Measuring the Costs of Domestic Violence Against Women (1996).
Summary Charts of Documented Cost Savings of Selected Women's Health Services (1994).
Health Services Fact Sheets:
Sexually Transmitted Disease Screening (1994).
Prenatal Care (1994).
Osteoporosis Screening and Treatment (1994).
Mental Health Screening and Treatment (1994).
Family Planning Services (1994).
Domestic Violence Screening (1994).
Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment (1994).
Breast Cancer Screening (1994).
Microenterprise and Small Business
Micro-Enterprise Catalysts and Barriers: Voices of Low-Income and Poor Women (1994).
Micro-Enterprise and Women - The Viability of Self-Employment as a Strategy for Alleviating Poverty, Quantitative Findings (1994).
Micro-Enterprise and Women: The Viability of Self-Employment as a Strategy for Alleviating Poverty, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Enrique Soto, and Lily Zandniapour with Jill Braunstein (1994). Discusses the impact of micro-enterprise as a strategy to enhance the income packages of AFDC recipients and other low-income women.
Statistics on Women -- Socioeconomic Status of Women
The Status of Women in the States (1996). This IWPR report, funded by the Ford Foundation and part of a larger IWPR Economic Policy Education Program, establishes baseline measures for the status of women in each state to improve the ability of advocates and policymakers at the state level to address women's economic issues.
The Status of Women in California (1996). An IWPR individual state report resulting from the above project.
The Status of Women in the District of Columbia (1996).
The Status of Women in Georgia (1996).
The Status of Women in Illinois (1996).
The Status of Women in Maine (1996).
The Status of Women in Maryland (1996).
The Status of Women in Michigan (1996).
The Status of Women in New Jersey (1996).
The Status of Women in New Mexico (1996).
The Status of Women in New York (1996).
The Status of Women in North Carolina (1996).
The Status of Women in Texas (1996).
The Status of Women in Virginia (1996).
The Status of Women in Washington (1996).
Status of Women in the States: Fact Sheet (1996).
The Status of Women in California: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in the District of Columbia: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in Georgia: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in Illinois: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in Maine: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in Maryland: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in Michigan: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in New Jersey: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in New Mexico: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in New York: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in North Carolina: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in Texas: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in Virginia: Highlights (1996).
The Status of Women in Washington: Highlights (1996).
Reproductive Rights
Resources for Reproductive Rights Research, edited by Stephanie Aaronson (1993). A directory of researchers in the areas of abortion rights, access to family planning, involuntary sterilization, and prenatal care.
Violence Against Women Measuring the Costs of Domestic Violence Against Women and the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions: An Initial Assessment and Proposals for Further Research, Louise Laurence and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1996). Designs a research strategy and develops an economic model for measuring the direct and indirect costs of domestic violence to society, and assesses the cost-effectiveness of intervention.
Welfare Reform
The Labor Market, the Working Poor, and Welfare Reform: Policy Suggestions for the Clinton Administration, Heidi Hartmann and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1992). Suggests strategies for alleviating poverty by focusing on the low-wage labor market and government transfers.
Supporting Work: The Relation Between Employment Opportunities and Financial and Other Support Programs, Roberta Spalter-Roth with Beverly Burr (1993). Testimony before the Working Group on Welfare Reform, Family Support, and Independence on the employment patterns of single mothers with a history of AFDC receipt.
Welfare that Works: Increasing AFDC Mothers' Employment and Income, Roberta Spalter-Roth (1995). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, on research on the economic survival strategies of single mothers who receive AFDC.
How Much Can Child Support Provide? Welfare, Family Income and Child Support, Kristine Witkowski (1999).
Welfare Reform Research: A Resource Guide for Researchers and Advocates (1998). A guide for researchers who are interested in how women and their families are affected by welfare reform policies, and for advocates who want to use research to improve policies affecting low-income women.
Combining Work and Welfare: An Alternative Anti-Poverty Strategy (1990). Discusses the concept of "income packaging," combining paid employment, welfare receipt, and income from other family members.
Food Stamps and AFDC: A Double Life-Line for Low-Income Working Single Mothers, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Enrique Soto (1996). Examines the importance of food stamps in the income packages of single mothers.
Welfare That Works: The Working Lives of AFDC Recipients, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Beverly Burr, Heidi Hartmann, and Lois Shaw (1995). Analyzes the factors that increase the likelihood that single mothers receiving AFDC also engage in paid employment, the kinds of jobs they obtain, and their ability to escape poverty through a combination of work and welfare.
"The Clinton Round: An Analysis of the Impact of Current Proposals to ‘Free' Single Mothers from Welfare Dependence," Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann with Beverly Burr and Jill Braunstein (1994). An IWPR paper presented at the meeting of the American Sociological Association, Los Angeles, CA. Contains estimates and analysis of AFDC recipients.
"Income Insecurity: The Failure of Unemployment Insurance to Reach Working AFDC Mothers," Roberta Spalter-Roth, Heidi Hartmann, and Beverly Burr (1994). An IWPR paper presented at the Conference on Employment Law and Unemployment Compensation, Washington, DC. Discusses the idea that Unemployment Insurance as currently structured is not an effective substitute for AFDC in providing income security for single mothers.
"Making Work Pay: The Real Employment Opportunities of Single Mothers Participating in the AFDC Program," Roberta Spalter-Roth (1994). An IWPR paper and Congressional briefing using IWPR's research on income packaging of work and welfare to evaluate time-limited welfare reform proposals and their effect on women.
"AFDC Recipients as Caregivers and Workers: A Feminist Approach to Income Security Policy for Women," Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1994). An IWPR paper published in Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State, and Society; using IWPR's research on the economic survival strategies of single mothers who receive AFDC, it examines whether current employment-based welfare reform proposals will aid AFDC recipients in bringing their families out of poverty. "Dependence on Men, the Market, or the State: The Rhetoric and Reality of Welfare Reform," Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1993). A paper published in the Journal of Applied Social Science, it examines the dichotomy of welfare reform rhetoric - the negative moral implications of receiving AFDC vs. the positive implications of income dependence on the labor market or child support, and critiques the underlying assumptions of current welfare reform proposals that AFDC and paid employment are mutually exclusive and that the proper goal of policy should be to enforce transition of welfare to work.
"The Real Employment Opportunities of Women Participating in AFDC: What the Market Can Provide," Heidi Hartmann and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1993). An IWPR paper presented at Women and Welfare Reform: Women's Poverty, Women's Opportunities, and Women's Welfare, A Policy Conference to Break Myths and Create Solutions, it presents findings and policy strategies based on the ongoing IWPR research of "income packaging" by single mothers in the AFDC program and of the effect of time-limited welfare reform proposals.
Combining Work and Welfare, An Alternative Anti-Poverty Strategy, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Heidi Hartmann, and Linda Andrews (1992). Discusses myths about welfare recipients and the consensus that welfare perpetuates dependence.
"Mothers, Children, and Low-Wage Work: The Ability to Earn a Family Wage," Roberta Spalter-Roth, Heidi Hartmann, and Linda Andrews (1990). A paper presented at the 85th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Session on Women and Public Policy, August 1990, and published in Sociology and the Public Agenda, it describes women's Resources, U.S. Senate, arguing that public policy assumes a predominantly white male wage levels by race, ethnicity, and family responsibilities and receipt of government income support by family type.
Women and Welfare Reform: Women's Poverty, Women's Opportunities, and Women's Welfare Conference Proceedings, edited by Gwendolyn Mink (1994). Sixteen papers focusing on welfare myths and women's lives, welfare reform proposals, women's employment opportunities, and alternatives to welfare.
Research-In-Brief:
What the United States Can Learn From France: A Summary of an Important New Book on Child Poverty (1997).
Child Care Usage Among Low-Income and AFDC Families (1996).
Food Stamp Participation and the Economic Well-Being of Single Mothers (1995).
Welfare to Work: The Job Opportunities of AFDC Recipients (1995).
Few Welfare Moms Fit the Stereotypes (1994; updated January 1995).
Combining Work and Welfare, an Alternative Anti-Poverty Strategy (1992).
How Much Will a Public Service Employment Program Reduce Welfare Costs? (1991).
Mothers, Children, and Low-Wage Work: The Ability to Earn a Family Wage (1991).
Work and Family
Women's Work, Family Diversity, and Employment Instability: Public Policy Responses to New Realities, Heidi Hartmann (1991). Testimony before the Committee on Labor and Human workforce, traditional families, and stable employment patterns, and suggests policy to reflect the increasing diversity in the workforce, family structure, and instability in employment.
The Dual Disadvantage of Displaced Homemakers: Findings from the Study, Low-Wage Jobs and Workers: Trends and Options for Change, Roberta Spalter-Roth (1989). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Employment and Productivity examining trends in the low-wage workforce including characteristics of low-wage workers, their relation to family poverty, and factors of upward mobility to provide a basis for policy development.
Improving Women's Status in the Workforce: The Family Issue of the Future, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1991). Testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Employment and Productivity, Committee on Labor and Human Resources, on research showing that women's wages are becoming more, not less, important for families' economic well-being.
Providing Paid Family Leave, Stephanie Aaronson (1995). Testimony before the U.S. Commission on Family and Medical Leave estimating the cost of expanding California's Temporary Disability Insurance Program and the feasibility of using the model as a means for paid family leave to workers.
Equal Pay for Working Families: A joint research project by the AFL-CIO and the Institute for Women's Policy Research (1999).
On Common Ground: Prominent Women Talk About Work and Family, with introduction and interviews conducted by Diana Zuckerman (1999).
"A Feminist Approach to Policy Making for Women and Families," Heidi Hartmann and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1994). Presented at the Seminar on Future Directions for American Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University, this paper argues that public policy has not responded to an increasingly "androgynous worker/nurturer" in which women gain in education, work, and financial responsibility, and men take on more family roles.
Women, Work, and Households in Ciudad Juarez, Gay Young and Beatriz E. Vera (1993). A study of women's empowerment focusing on why women choose to work in the maquilla industry, why they decide to leave, and how the decisions are made within the context of their households.
Raising Women's Earnings: The Family Issue of the 1990s, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1992). Explores the impact on women's lives of the increase in women's economic responsibility for their families and the increase of women with children living poverty.
"Working Parents: Differences, Similarities, and Implications for a Policy Agenda," Heidi Hartmann and Roberta Spalter-Roth (1990, revised 1991). Presented at Women, Work, and the Family: Advancing the Policy and Research Agenda at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Columbia University, this paper describes working parents and their children in the U.S.; compares the economic situation, race, and ethnicity of the families; and explores their needs to consider how they may best be addressed by private and public policies.
Demographic and Economic Trends: Implications for Family Life and Public Policy, Heidi Hartmann (1990). Explores the history and implications of growing labor force participation by women and argues that this demographic trend is a result of women actively seeking greater economic autonomy and responsibility.
Children and Families in the District of Columbia: Child Care Needs, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Enrique Soto, and Teeshla Morgan (1995). Information on general trends in child care use and costs, an overview of the need for child care facilities, an examination of the number of children served, the cost and types of services, funding sources, and characteristics of child care workers.
Temporary Disability Insurance: A Modal to Provide Income Security Over the Life Cycle, Heidi Hartmann, Young-Hee Yoon, Roberta Spalter-Roth, and Lois Shaw (1995). Argues for the need to change the traditional social welfare system to allow for demographic changes and family diversity, and to take into account women's needs for income replacement across the life cycle.
Science and Politics and the "Dual Vision" of Feminist Policy Research: The Example of Family and Medical Leave, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1988, revised 1991). A discussion of using standards of mainstream social science for validity, reliability, objectivity, and replicatibility while guided by the principles of a feminist methodology with the example of a cost-benefit study on parental leave and childcare by IWPR.
Improving Employment Opportunities for Women Workers: An Assessment of the Ten-Year Economic and Legal Impact of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, Roberta Spalter-Roth, Claudia Withers, and Sheila R. Gibbs, with Linda Andrews and Celia Gody (1990). A report using a multi-method, cross-disciplinary research effort to study the economic, legal, and political effects of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act.
Unnecessary Losses: Costs to Americans of the Lack of Family and Medical Leave, Roberta Spalter-Roth and Heidi Hartmann (1990). Estimates of the costs to workers and to taxpayers of the lack of a national family and medical leave policy, and of the differential effects on workers by gender and race.
Unnecessary Losses: Costs to Americans in the States of the Lack of Family and Medical Leave. Summaries for each state.
Research-In-Brief:
Do Mothers Stay on the Job? What Employers Can Do to Increase Retention after Childbirth (1996).
Are Mommies Dropping Out of the Labor Force? NO! (1992).
Using Temporary Disability Insurance to Provide Paid Family Leave: A Comparison with the Family and Medical Leave Act (1995).
What is Temporary Disability Insurance? (1993).
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978: A Ten-Year Progress Report (1992).
Unnecessary Losses to African American Workers (1991).
Unnecessary Losses: Costs to Americans of the Lack of Family and Medical Leave (1990).
Briefing Papers on Social Security:
Women and Social Security: Benefit Types and Eligibility (2010)
Social Security: Vital to Retirement Security for 35 Million Women and Men (2010)
Fact Sheet on Social Security:
“Who Are Social Security Beneficiaries?” (2010)
By Gwendolyn Beetham*
By Tonni Brodber*
